MCQs

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1. What does multipathing primarily provide in networking environments?
   a. Single path redundancy
   b. Enhanced reliability and load balancing
   c. IPv6 conversion
   d. Data encryption
   Answer: b
   cbtnuggets+1
2. In which scenario is IP multipathing especially beneficial?
   a. When only one network card is available
   b. With multiple network interfaces connected to the same IP network
   c. With wireless-only environments
   d. Where no redundancy is needed
   Answer: b
   oracle
3. Which of the following accurately describes failover in multipathing?
   a. Only the failed path is deactivated, network access is lost
   b. The system automatically switches to a healthy path when failure is detected
   c. Failover occurs only for wireless interfaces
   d. All paths are deactivated in case of failure
   Answer: b
   dell+1
4. What is a key requirement for interfaces in the same multipathing group?
   a. Different IP links
   b. Connection to the same IP link
   c. Different physical switches
   d. No requirement
   Answer: b
   oracle
5. Multipathing provides load balancing by:
   a. Sending all traffic through a single path
   b. Distributing traffic across available paths
   c. Randomly selecting a path per connection
   d. Ignoring path health
   Answer: b
   sciencedirect+1
6. What does “least queue depth” refer to in multipathing algorithms?
   a. Selecting the path with the oldest hardware
   b. Routing traffic through the path with the shortest packet queue
   c. Ignoring throughput
   d. Sending traffic down all paths simultaneously
   Answer: b
   cbtnuggets
7. Which protocol is designed for simultaneous use of multiple network paths for a single TCP connection?
   a. HTTP
   b. DNS
   c. Multipath TCP (MPTCP)
   d. IGMP
   Answer: c
   wikipedia+1
8. What is the purpose of a “test address” in IP multipathing?
   a. Used for data broadcast only
   b. To detect failures and repairs in physical interfaces
   c. To assign static routes
   d. To route multicast traffic
   Answer: b
   oracle
9. What is a node-disjoint path in multipath routing?
   a. Paths sharing the same nodes
   b. Paths with no common nodes
   c. Paths with no common links
   d. A wireless-only path
   Answer: b
   sciencedirect
10. The term “path redundancy” in multipathing describes:
    a. Use of a single pathway
    b. Multiple independent routes to the same resource
    c. Duplicate IP addresses on devices
    d. Single switch usage
    Answer: b
    blogs.oracle+1
11. How is aggregate bandwidth affected by multipathing?
    a. Decreases due to packet loss
    b. Remains the same
    c. Increases by utilizing multiple concurrent paths
    d. Is unaffected by the number of available paths
    Answer: c
    cbtnuggets+1
12. What is a key advantage of multipath routing in cloud computing?
    a. Increased protocol overhead
    b. Static address allocation
    c. Rapid failover and high service availability
    d. Disabling routing tables
    Answer: c
    openeuler+1
13. Which OS utility is commonly used in Linux for multipath configuration?
    a. netstat
    b. multipath-tools
    c. traceroute
    d. arp
    Answer: b
    ubuntu+1
14. What is a link-disjoint path?
    a. Paths that do not share any links
    b. All paths on the same switch
    c. Paths sharing every segment
    d. Paths limited to wireless networks
    Answer: a
    sciencedirect
15. What is required to enable device mapper multipath in Linux systems?
    a. Install HTTP service
    b. Configure multiple I/O paths using multipath.conf
    c. Disable all interfaces except one
    d. Block all UDP traffic
    Answer: b
    redhat
16. Which of the following best explains active/passive multipathing configuration?
    a. Load balancing across all paths
    b. Only one path is used at a time, failover occurs upon failure
    c. Both paths are disabled
    d. No path is ever used
    Answer: b
    blogs.oracle
17. What benefit does multipath TCP provide over standard TCP?
    a. Reduced protocol compatibility
    b. Increased single-path throughput
    c. Increased reliability via multiple concurrent paths
    d. Inability to handle failover
    Answer: c
    redhat+2
18. How does multipathing improve storage network reliability?
    a. By increasing single point of failure risks
    b. Presenting a unified view of paths and enabling continued service upon path failure
    c. Reducing interface availability
    d. Prioritizing wireless links
    Answer: b
    dell+1
19. Multipathing algorithms can perform “weighted path” balancing by:
    a. Using all paths equally
    b. Assigning more traffic to higher-performing paths
    c. Ignoring path differences
    d. Limiting traffic to wireless links
    Answer: b
    cbtnuggets
20. What is “failover only” mode in multipathing?
    a. Always using all paths for every connection
    b. Load balancing and path redundancy
    c. Primary path is used exclusively; backup path is used only upon failure
    d. Only IPv6 traffic is supported
    Answer: c
    cbtnuggets
21. Which environment benefits most from multipath routing?
    a. High-availability data centers
    b. Single-device home networks
    c. Isolated VLANs without redundancy
    d. Static routing-only setups
    Answer: a
    dell+1
22. What command is typically used to view multipath configuration in Linux?
    a. ipconfig
    b. multipath -ll
    c. ping
    d. route add
    Answer: b
    ubuntu+1
23. What does ECMP stand for in networking multipathing?
    a. Enhanced Connection Management Protocol
    b. Equal-Cost MultiPath
    c. Ethernet Connection Monitor Path
    d. External Configuration Management Process
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
24. Path disjointedness in multipath routing refers to:
    a. Metrics evaluating the diversity among available paths
    b. Assigning static IPs to all paths
    c. Using identical switches for all paths
    d. Blocking redundant routes
    Answer: a
    sciencedirect
25. Which protocol is being evolved to support multipath features similar to MPTCP?
    a. OSPF
    b. QUIC
    c. ARP
    d. ICMP
    Answer: b
    wikipedia
26. What does multipath transport enable at a high level?
    a. Only IPv6 connectivity
    b. Use of multiple network paths to increase reliability and efficiency
    c. Fixed point-to-point routes
    d. Single-threaded transmission
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
27. Device Mapper Multipath DM-Multipath technology is mainly used for:
    a. Managing redundant paths to storage devices
    b. Wireless channel selection
    c. Optimizing static routes
    d. Encrypting drive data
    Answer: a
    redhat+1
28. A main risk of multipath routing is:
    a. Routing loops or increased complexity
    b. No redundancy
    c. Fixed address assignment
    d. Lossless communication
    Answer: a
    sciencedirect
29. What is a braided multipath?
    a. All alternate paths entirely overlap with main path
    b. Some paths partially overlap with the primary path
    c. Paths are always VLAN-based
    d. Only one path is used at a time
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
30. In multipath routing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), multipathing helps:
    a. Increase overall node energy requirements
    b. Reduce average delay and provide load balancing
    c. Supplant all security requirements
    d. Block dynamic routing
    Answer: b
    etasr+1
31. Multipath routing is especially helpful for which data center network protocols?
    a. DNS only
    b. Equal-Cost MultiPath (ECMP) for traffic distribution
    c. SMTP exclusively
    d. SNMP-based paths
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
32. Which step is recommended for fault-tolerant network deployment with multipathing?
    a. Connect all interfaces to the same physical switch
    b. Plug each network interface into separate switches
    c. Assign all IPs to a single interface
    d. Use no routing tables
    Answer: b
    eng.auburn
33. How are test addresses used in Solaris IP multipathing?
    a. For SMTP relay
    b. To monitor interface health, not for general data
    c. To assign VLAN IDs
    d. For WAN acceleration
    Answer: b
    oracle
34. What is “load splitting” in multipath environments?
    a. Moving all traffic to a single path
    b. Distributing flows or packets among multiple available paths
    c. Disabling routers
    d. Disjoint path assignment only
    Answer: b
    cbtnuggets+1
35. Why does mulitpath TCP need special hashing and load sharing logic?
    a. TCP always transmits in broadcast
    b. To ensure packets belonging to a session arrive in order
    c. To restrict bandwidth
    d. For single-threaded handling of packets
    Answer: b
    redhat+1
36. What protocol extension offers multipath support for real-time media streams?
    a. FTP
    b. Multipath RTP
    c. SNMP
    d. STP
    Answer: b
    wikipedia
37. In high-availability networking, what is the result of a failed path when multipathing is enabled?
    a. Service outage until manual intervention
    b. Automatic rerouting over alternate path(s) with no interruption
    c. Complete interface shutdown
    d. Automatic broadcast storm
    Answer: b
    dell+1
38. What does an “active/active” multipath configuration mean?
    a. Only one path out of many is ever active
    b. Both (all) paths can carry traffic concurrently for load balancing
    c. Both paths idle until a failure
    d. Only virtual interfaces are used
    Answer: b
    blogs.oracle
39. In multipath NFS, what benefit is achieved by connecting multiple links per mount point?
    a. Configuration complexity only
    b. Improved performance and fast I/O failover
    c. Reduced access to data shares
    d. Fixed single-path adherence
    Answer: b
    openeuler
40. Which of the following is not considered a benefit of multipathing?
    a. Increased redundancy
    b. Fault tolerance
    c. Higher risk of single-point failures
    d. Load balancing
    Answer: c
    dell+2
41. What common challenge can arise in multipath TCP implementations?
    a. Simple address configuration
    b. Out-of-order packet delivery due to varying latency across paths
    c. Guaranteed order of delivery
    d. Eliminated retransmissions
    Answer: b
    rsisinternational
42. Which layer does multipath TCP (MPTCP) operate at?
    a. Physical
    b. Data Link
    c. Transport
    d. Application
    Answer: c
    wikipedia
43. Path maintenance in multipath routing includes:
    a. Static route specification
    b. Monitoring and responding to path status changes
    c. Ignoring health checks
    d. Disabling route discovery
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
44. How can device mapper multipath configurations be troubleshooted on Linux?
    a. Ignoring log files
    b. Checking multipathd logs and configuration settings
    c. Disabling health monitoring
    d. Running only routing protocol simulations
    Answer: b
    redhat
45. What is the function of “group tables” in SDN multipath routing?
    a. Removing dynamic path management
    b. Managing dynamic traffic distribution and segmentation
    c. Blocking redundancy
    d. Only allowing IPv6 traffic
    Answer: b
    sciencedirect
46. Which multipathing protocol offers backup and concurrent path options for real-time applications?
    a. Multipath RTP
    b. SMTP
    c. SNMP
    d. BGP
    Answer: a
    wikipedia
47. In Linux, which file is commonly configured for multipath rules?
    a. /etc/hosts
    b. /etc/multipath.conf
    c. /etc/fstab
    d. /etc/network/interfaces
    Answer: b
    redhat
48. In device mapper multipath, what type of configuration defines specific devices for multipath mapping?
    a. devices section in configuration
    b. users section
    c. admin group
    d. static map files
    Answer: a
    ubuntu
49. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) supports:
    a. Only single-path operation
    b. Concurrent use of multiple access links and application influence over interface selection
    c. Fixed path only per connection
    d. Non-redundant pathing
    Answer: b
    wikipedia
50. Which tool is used to manage multipathing on Red Hat systems?
    a. systemctl multipathd
    b. multipath-tools
    c. ipmitool
    d. fdisk
    Answer: b

1. https://www.cbtnuggets.com/blog/technology/networking/what-is-multipathing
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/multipath-routing
3. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19683-01/816-5249/6mbdgpoip/index.html
4. https://i.dell.com/sites/content/business/solutions/brochures/en/Documents/cb107-multi-path-io-high-availability-performance.pdf
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_TCP
6. https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/configuring_and_managing_networking/getting-started-with-multipath-tcp_configuring-and-managing-networking
7. https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/post/device-mapper-multipath-an-introduction
8. https://www.openeuler.org/en/blog/20231019-NFS/Multipathing%20NFS%20for%20High%20Performance%20and%20Reliability
9. https://documentation.ubuntu.com/server/explanation/multipath/multipath-configuration-examples/
10. https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html-single/configuring_device_mapper_multipath/index
11. https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/understanding-multipath-tcp-networking-highway-future
12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/multipath-transport
13. https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/view/4259
14. https://www.eng.auburn.edu/~doug/howtos/multipathing.html
15. https://rsisinternational.org/IJRSI/Issue43/37-39.pdf
16. https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/configuring_device_mapper_multipath/troubleshooting-dm-multipath
17. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-6547/6jffv7oma/index.html
18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dfykc40oWzI
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation
20. https://people.computing.clemson.edu/~jmarty/projects/lowLatencyNetworking/papers/TransportProtocols/packetSchedinMPTCP.pdf