MCQs

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Overall MCQs for Reference

1. What does the p-value measure in statistical hypothesis testing?
   a. Size of the effect
   b. Probability of observed data under null hypothesis
   c. Importance of research
   d. Random sample error
   Answer: binvestopedia+2​
2. A p-value less than 0.05 typically suggests:
   a. Data is not statistically significant
   b. Null hypothesis is likely valid
   c. Statistically significant result
   d. Hypothesis cannot be tested
   Answer: cbyjus+2​
3. Which value is the most common measure of statistical significance?
   a. L-value
   b. P-value
   c. T-value
   d. All of the mentioned
   Answer: bsanfoundry​
4. What is the role of a p-value in data science?
   a. Predicting outcomes
   b. Testing statistical significance
   c. Encoding data
   d. Summarizing mean
   Answer: bgyansetu+1​
5. What does a high p-value (greater than 0.05) indicate?
   a. The null hypothesis is rejected
   b. The result is highly significant
   c. Insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis
   d. A and B only
   Answer: cbyjus+1​
6. Which statement about p-value is true?
   a. It measures effect size
   b. It provides probability if the null hypothesis is true
   c. It confirms the alternative hypothesis
   d. It quantifies experiment duration
   Answer: bscribbr+2​
7. What does a p-value of 0.01 mean?
   a. Very low statistical significance
   b. Highly statistically significant result
   c. Data is inconclusive
   d. Null hypothesis is accepted
   Answer: binvestopedia+1​
8. If the p-value is greater than 0.10 in a study, the result is often interpreted as:
   a. Statistically significant
   b. Not statistically different from zero
   c. Highly significant
   d. Null hypothesis accepted without review
   Answer: binvestopedia​
9. What is required to reject the null hypothesis using p-values?
   a. p-value must be above 0.05
   b. p-value must be below the chosen significance level
   c. Test statistic must be negative
   d. Alternative hypothesis must be false
   Answer: bscribbr+2​
10. Which value shows the probability of Type-I error after data analysis?
    a. p-value
    b. Alpha value
    c. Beta value
    d. Significance value
    Answer: atestbook​
11. What is the null hypothesis in context of p-value testing?
    a. The data is random
    b. There is no effect or difference
    c. Data distribution is normal
    d. The alternative hypothesis is valid
    Answer: bncbi.nlm.nih+2​
12. Which test type affects the calculation of p-value?
    a. Lower-tailed test
    b. Upper-tailed test
    c. Two-tailed test
    d. All of these
    Answer: dinvestopedia​
13. P-value approach in hypothesis testing helps avoid confusion around:
    a. Sample sizes
    b. Arbitrary significance levels
    c. Research cost
    d. Measurement types
    Answer: binvestopedia​
14. What is often used as an alternative to preselected confidence levels for hypothesis testing?
    a. Test statistic
    b. Effect size
    c. p-value
    d. Null value
    Answer: cinvestopedia​
15. P-value is calculated using:
    a. Standard deviation alone
    b. The area under the probability distribution curve
    c. Mean of data
    d. Compression algorithms
    Answer: binvestopedia​
16. What factor influences the reliability of a p-value?
    a. Sample size
    b. Experimental cost
    c. Measurement units
    d. Null hypothesis
    Answer: alinkedin+1​youtube​
17. If a p-value is very small, the sample is:
    a. Similar to expectation under null hypothesis
    b. “Strange” indicating possible rejection of null hypothesis
    c. Average compared to population
    d. Inconclusive for hypothesis testing
    Answer: bgeeksforgeeks​
18. Does a low p-value guarantee statistical significance?
    a. Yes, always
    b. No, not always
    c. Only if sample is large
    d. Only with alpha < 0.01
    Answer: blinkedin+1​
19. P-value does NOT measure:
    a. Statistical significance
    b. Size of an effect
    c. Probability of null hypothesis
    d. Evidence against null hypothesis
    Answer: bwikipedia+1​
20. In machine learning, p-values help evaluate:
    a. Hyperparameters
    b. Feature importance
    c. Model architecture
    d. Loss function
    Answer: blinkedin​
21. Which web-based tool is commonly used to calculate p-value?
    a. Word processor
    b. Statistical software
    c. Spreadsheet only
    d. Search engine
    Answer: binvestopedia​
22. The threshold of p-value for significance is usually set at:
    a. 1.0
    b. 0.10
    c. 0.05
    d. 0.001
    Answer: cgeeksforgeeks+2​
23. What does a p-value NOT provide?
    a. Probability null hypothesis is true
    b. Probability of observed result or more extreme happening under null hypothesis
    c. Statistical significance
    d. Evidence against null
    Answer: awikipedia+1​
24. What is an accepted interpretation for p-value = 0.06 at 0.05 significance threshold?
    a. Evidence to reject the null hypothesis
    b. Not statistically significant
    c. Alternative hypothesis validated
    d. Confidence interval is valid
    Answer: bbyjus+1​
25. If the p-value is very small, such as 0.001, what conclusion is likely?
    a. Accept null hypothesis
    b. Reject null hypothesis in favor of alternative
    c. Increase sample size
    d. Change hypothesis
    Answer: bbyjus+1​
26. P-value calculations may differ for which reason?
    a. Test type (one-tailed, two-tailed)
    b. Statistical model used
    c. Research method
    d. All of the above
    Answer: dinvestopedia​
27. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of p-values?
    a. Sensitive to sample size
    b. Gives effect size
    c. Overemphasis on arbitrary thresholds
    d. Does not measure direction of effect
    Answer: bwikipedia+1​
28. A p-value is reported as 0.04. What does this mean at the 0.05 threshold?
    a. Statistically significant
    b. Not statistically significant
    c. Null hypothesis accepted
    d. No conclusion
    Answer: abyjus+1​
29. P-values can be misleading when:
    a. Sample size is very large
    b. Results are replicated
    c. Only effect size is measured
    d. Alpha is higher than 0.1
    Answer: ayoutube​linkedin​
30. Which concept is compared to conclude the null hypothesis?
    a. p-value and alpha threshold
    b. Confidence interval and mean
    c. Beta value and sample size
    d. p-value and alternative hypothesis
    Answer: aitfeature​
31. P-value is a probability computed based on:
    a. Data analysis results
    b. Pre-fixed values
    c. Only on null hypothesis definition
    d. Experimental duration
    Answer: atestbook​
32. What is the consequence of setting a very low alpha threshold for significance (e.g., 0.01)?
    a. More false positives
    b. Fewer null hypotheses rejected
    c. Higher statistical power
    d. Lower data quality
    Answer: bbyjus+1​
33. Which of the following is TRUE about the interpretation of p-value?
    a. Always represents the probability that the alternative hypothesis is correct
    b. Gives evidence regarding the null hypothesis only
    c. Is affected by subjective expectations
    d. Measures practical significance directly
    Answer: bgeeksforgeeks+1​
34. When is a result called “highly significant” using p-value?
    a. p < 0.10
    b. p < 0.05
    c. p < 0.01
    d. p > 0.05
    Answer: cbyjus​
35. P-value interpretation must be carefully considered because:
    a. Different tests may use different significance levels
    b. It is always correct
    c. It is independent of sample size
    d. It shows the magnitude of effect
    Answer: ainvestopedia​
36. P-value reporting allows:
    a. Readers to interpret statistical significance for themselves
    b. Exclusive conclusion by researcher
    c. Rejection of both null and alternative hypothesis
    d. Avoidance of hypothesis testing
    Answer: ainvestopedia​
37. If a test produces a p-value of 0.12, what should a researcher do at a 0.05 significance level?
    a. Accept alternative hypothesis
    b. Reject alternative hypothesis
    c. Not reject the null hypothesis
    d. Increase the sample size automatically
    Answer: cbyjus+1​
38. Does a p-value help in bridging decision-making outcomes in different studies?
    a. Yes
    b. No
    c. Only with identical datasets
    d. Only for medical experiments
    Answer: asciencedirect​
39. Which is NOT an application of p-value?
    a. Medical research
    b. Evaluating feature importance
    c. Predicting stock prices directly
    d. A/B testing
    Answer: cgyansetu+1​
40. The calculated p-value depends on:
    a. Observed deviation from reference value
    b. Chosen reference value
    c. Probability distribution used
    d. All of the above
    Answer: dinvestopedia​
41. In p-value calculation, degrees of freedom influence:
    a. Test duration
    b. Shape of probability distribution
    c. Researcher credibility
    d. Sample selection method
    Answer: binvestopedia​
42. A low p-value gives:
    a. Strong evidence for null hypothesis
    b. Strong evidence against null hypothesis
    c. Data reliability only
    d. Unbiased test
    Answer: bgeeksforgeeks+1​
43. Repeat experiments showing similar low p-values indicate:
    a. Possible statistical significance
    b. Data inconsistency
    c. Smaller sample size needed
    d. Higher error rate
    Answer: ainvestopedia​
44. Which is FALSE about p-value?
    a. Directly measures practical effect size
    b. Measures statistical evidence against null
    c. Calculated based on test statistic
    d. Value depends on sample data
    Answer: awikipedia+1​
45. Common significance levels in p-value interpretation are:
    a. 0.01, 0.05, 0.10
    b. 1.5, 2.0, 2.5
    c. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3
    d. 0.05, 0.5, 1.0
    Answer: abyjus+1​
46. Why should one not rely solely on p-value?
    a. Potential sample size pitfalls
    b. Does not indicate effect magnitude
    c. Arbitrary threshold issues
    d. All of the above
    Answer: dyoutube​linkedin+1​
47. Which of these does a p-value compare with to draw statistical conclusion?
    a. Mean value of data
    b. Chosen alpha (significance threshold)
    c. Sample variance
    d. Type-II error
    Answer: btestbook+1​
48. In hypothesis testing, which hypothesis do p-values primarily help to reject?
    a. Null hypothesis
    b. Alternative hypothesis
    c. Type-II hypothesis
    d. Main hypothesis
    Answer: ascribbr+2​
49. If the p-value is below the significance level, the result is:
    a. Statistically insignificant
    b. Statistically significant
    c. No conclusion
    d. Unimportant
    Answer: bbyjus+1​
50. Which is a limitation when using p-values for statistical inference?
    a. Overemphasis on cutoffs
    b. Sensitivity to sample size
    c. Not measuring effect size
    d. All of the above
    Answer: dyoutube​linkedin+1​

1. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/p-value.asp
2. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/p-value/
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/p-value/
4. https://byjus.com/maths/p-value/
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/p-value-in-machine-learning/
6. https://www.sanfoundry.com/basic-data-science-interview-questions-answers/
7. https://www.gyansetu.in/blog/data-science-objective-type-mcq-quiz-interview-preparation/
8. https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-facts-related-to-p-valuea-it-is-the-probab–63e654a08ebd05dea9d4f330
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557421/
10. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/understanding-p-values-statistical-significance-data-science-chizari-zkzde
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Po9E7tfwMYs
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value
13. https://itfeature.com/hypothesis/mcqs-hypothesis-testing-1/
14. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389923002702
15. https://www.scribd.com/document/484648023/hypothes-2-doc
16. https://uca.edu/actm/files/2014/02/ACTM-2017-Regional-Statistics-and-Key-A-1.pdf
17. https://www.simplypsychology.org/p-value.html
18. https://towardsdatascience.com/p-values-explained-by-data-scientist-f40a746cfc8/
19. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/statistics-tutorial/p-value-in-statistics-hypothesis