MCQs

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1. Which layer(s) of the OSI Model does MPLS primarily operate between?
   a. Layer 1 and Layer 2
   b. Layer 2 and Layer 3
   c. Layer 3 and Layer 4
   d. Layer 4 and Layer 5
   Answer: b. Layer 2 and Layer 3networkwalks+1youtube
2. What is the primary advantage of using MPLS in a network?
   a. Simpler hardware installation
   b. Reduced number of routers
   c. Faster packet forwarding using labels
   d. Larger packet sizes allowed
   Answer: c. Faster packet forwarding using labelstechtarget+2
3. Which device assigns the label to an unlabeled packet as it enters the MPLS domain?
   a. Core LSR
   b. Label Edge Router (LER)
   c. Switch
   d. Hub
   Answer: b. Label Edge Router (LER)info.huawei+1
4. The set of packets which are forwarded in the same manner is known as:
   a. Label Switch Path
   b. Routing Table
   c. Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
   d. Label Stack
   Answer: c. Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)catonetworks+1youtube
5. Which operation refers to adding an MPLS label to a packet?
   a. Push
   b. Pop
   c. Swap
   d. Drop
   Answer: a. Pushdocuments.rtbrick+1
6. What is the function of the “Pop” operation in MPLS?
   a. Add a new label
   b. Remove an existing label
   c. Exchange labels
   d. Discard the packet
   Answer: b. Remove an existing labelinfo.huawei+1
7. The intermediate routers inside the MPLS network that switch labels are called:
   a. Firewalls
   b. LSRs (Label Switch Routers)
   c. Edge Devices
   d. End-user nodes
   Answer: b. LSRs (Label Switch Routers)vc4+1
8. MPLS labels are inserted between which two headers?
   a. Ethernet and IP
   b. Layer 2 and Layer 3
   c. IP and TCP
   d. TCP and UDP
   Answer: b. Layer 2 and Layer 3techtarget+1
9. Which operation refers to changing the value of an MPLS label in a packet?
   a. Merge
   b. Swap
   c. Swap-and-Push
   d. Strip
   Answer: b. Swapdocuments.rtbrick+1
10. In MPLS, which router removes the label before the packet leaves the MPLS domain?
    a. Ingress LER
    b. Core LSR
    c. Egress LER
    d. Distribution Switch
    Answer: c. Egress LERtechtarget+1
11. What do MPLS networks use to direct packets if a primary path fails?
    a. Rerouting after DNS lookup
    b. Fast reroute capability
    c. IP fragmentation
    d. Broadcast flooding
    Answer: b. Fast reroute capabilityhso+2
12. In MPLS, what allows for prioritization of traffic, ensuring voice traffic is delivered efficiently?
    a. Packet shapers
    b. Quality of Service (QoS)
    c. ARP tables
    d. Loopback addresses
    Answer: b. Quality of Service (QoS)cisco+2
13. Which field in the MPLS label is typically used for QoS?
    a. TTL
    b. Label Value
    c. EXP (Experimental) bits
    d. Checksum
    Answer: c. EXP (Experimental) bitsh3c+2
14. Which is NOT a fundamental operation MPLS routers can perform?
    a. Push
    b. Pull
    c. Swap
    d. Pop
    Answer: b. Pullinfo.huawei+1
15. What is a Label Switched Path (LSP)?
    a. A random route chosen by the router
    b. A unidirectional, pre-defined path through MPLS network
    c. A set of MAC addresses
    d. An ARP cache
    Answer: b. A unidirectional, pre-defined path through MPLS networkcatonetworks+1
16. MPLS can implement which of the following technologies easily?
    a. NAT
    b. VPN (Virtual Private Networks)
    c. SNMP
    d. Spanning Tree
    Answer: b. VPN (Virtual Private Networks)imedita+1
17. What does the label value “0” in MPLS signify?
    a. Implicit Null (IPv4)
    b. Explicit Null (IPv4)
    c. Implicit Null (IPv6)
    d. Explicit Null (IPv6)
    Answer: b. Explicit Null (IPv4)imedita+1
18. Which protocol is commonly used to distribute MPLS labels?
    a. RIP
    b. OSPF
    c. LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)
    d. SMTP
    Answer: c. LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)youtubeimedita
19. What is the primary benefit of MPLS for service providers?
    a. Larger hardware
    b. Complex configuration
    c. Traffic engineering and scalability
    d. More cables needed
    Answer: c. Traffic engineering and scalabilityhso+1
20. In MPLS, “penultimate hop popping” (PHP) refers to:
    a. Last router pushing a label
    b. Second-to-last router removing the label
    c. First router swapping a label
    d. Middleware encrypting the label
    Answer: b. Second-to-last router removing the labeldocuments.rtbrick+1
21. What is the range of valid MPLS label values?
    a. 0–127
    b. 0–1023
    c. 0–1048575
    d. 0–65535
    Answer: c. 0–1048575imedita+1
22. What is the primary data structure used for storing MPLS forwarding information?
    a. Routing Information Base (RIB)
    b. Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
    c. Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)
    d. MAC Address Table
    Answer: c. Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)vc4+1
23. Which of the following is a common use case for MPLS?
    a. DNS caching
    b. Backbone WAN interconnections
    c. MAC address filtering
    d. Mail server redirection
    Answer: b. Backbone WAN interconnectionscloudflare+1
24. MPLS supports hierarchical VPN architectures through:
    a. Label stacking
    b. Port trunking
    c. VLAN tagging
    d. Load balancing
    Answer: a. Label stackingyoutubeinfo.huawei+1
25. Which router is commonly called the “Provider Edge” in MPLS VPN deployments?
    a. Customer Edge (CE)
    b. Provider Edge (PE)
    c. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
    d. Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)
    Answer: b. Provider Edge (PE)info.huawei+1
26. MPLS is referred to informally as a Layer ______ technology.
    a. 1.5
    b. 2
    c. 2.5
    d. 3.5
    Answer: c. 2.5cloudflare+1youtube
27. The process of mapping traffic into an LSP is known as:
    a. Switching
    b. Classifying
    c. Routing
    d. Filtering
    Answer: b. Classifyingcatonetworks+1
28. In an MPLS VPN, why might packets have two labels?
    a. For encryption
    b. Inner label for VPN, outer for transport
    c. Redundant security
    d. Hardware compatibility
    Answer: b. Inner label for VPN, outer for transportvc4+2
29. What allows MPLS to support multiple network protocols?
    a. Protocol encapsulation mapping
    b. Multi-protocol label switching capability
    c. Port trunking
    d. VLAN stacking
    Answer: b. Multi-protocol label switching capabilitycloudflare+1
30. Which action is NOT associated with MPLS traffic engineering?
    a. Pre-defining LSPs
    b. Assigning bandwidth per flow
    c. Dynamic MAC learning
    d. Fast reroute
    Answer: c. Dynamic MAC learninghso+2
31. What is the typical header size of an MPLS label?
    a. 8 bytes
    b. 4 bytes
    c. 2 bytes
    d. 16 bytes
    Answer: b. 4 bytesdocuments.rtbrick+1
32. Which protocol is NOT commonly used for MPLS label distribution?
    a. LDP
    b. RSVP
    c. BGP
    d. ARP
    Answer: d. ARPvc4+1
33. Which one is a core advantage of MPLS over traditional IP routing?
    a. Stateless operation
    b. Dynamic label swapping
    c. Fixed label paths for predictable performance
    d. Larger IP packet support
    Answer: c. Fixed label paths for predictable performancenetseccloud+2
34. MPLS can be implemented over which link-layer protocols?
    a. Only Ethernet
    b. Only ATM
    c. Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet, PPP and more
    d. Only serial links
    Answer: c. Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet, PPP and moretechtarget+1
35. What is the main function of the Time To Live (TTL) field in the MPLS label?
    a. Define bandwidth
    b. Max hops to avoid loops
    c. Indicate label’s color
    d. Specify destination MAC
    Answer: b. Max hops to avoid loopsimedita+1
36. What is the primary purpose of the “explicit null” label?
    a. Remove label before last hop
    b. Indicate to copy QoS to packet
    c. Mark label for control plane
    d. Hash ECMP traffic
    Answer: b. Indicate to copy QoS to packetdocuments.rtbrick+1
37. What is a drawback of using MPLS in modern cloud-centric environments?
    a. Poor support for remote/cloud endpoints
    b. Incompatibility with TCP
    c. Lack of NAT support
    d. Mandatory encryption
    Answer: a. Poor support for remote/cloud endpointscatonetworks+1
38. Which type of MPLS router is only responsible for label swapping, not imposing/removing labels?
    a. Egress LER
    b. Ingress LER
    c. LSR (Core)
    d. CE router
    Answer: c. LSR (Core)info.huawei+1
39. Which MPLS mechanism allows for handling both public and private labels (for multi-tenant VPNs)?
    a. PHP
    b. Label stacking
    c. ARP Resolution
    d. Explicit Null
    Answer: b. Label stackingimedita+1
40. Which of these is NOT a field in a standard MPLS label?
    a. Label value
    b. TTL
    c. EXP
    d. Protocol ID
    Answer: d. Protocol IDinfo.huawei+1
41. What label value is used for IPv6 explicit null?
    a. 0
    b. 2
    c. 3
    d. 7
    Answer: b. 2documents.rtbrick+1
42. What is the function of LDP in MPLS?
    a. Advertise OSPF routes
    b. Distribute MPLS labels
    c. Provide SNMP access
    d. Monitor interface counters
    Answer: b. Distribute MPLS labelsyoutubeimedita
43. Where is the MPLS label imposed?
    a. At the first LSR
    b. At the egress LER
    c. At the ingress LER
    d. At the remote CE
    Answer: c. At the ingress LERtechtarget+1
44. The primary use of label stacking in MPLS is for:
    a. Traffic mirroring
    b. Hierarchical VPNs
    c. VLAN segmentation
    d. Firewall rule management
    Answer: b. Hierarchical VPNsimedita+1
45. Which statement is TRUE regarding MPLS and QoS?
    a. MPLS cannot mark class of service
    b. MPLS uses EXP bits to support DiffServ
    c. MPLS uses only IP precedence for QoS
    d. MPLS does not forward priority traffic
    Answer: b. MPLS uses EXP bits to support DiffServcisco+1
46. How does MPLS handle multicast traffic?
    a. Using IP only
    b. Using dedicated multicast LSPs
    c. Random hashing
    d. Not supported
    Answer: b. Using dedicated multicast LSPsimedita
47. Which router is directly connected to customer equipment in MPLS VPN?
    a. Core LSR
    b. Egress LER
    c. PE (Provider Edge) router
    d. CE (Customer Edge) router
    Answer: d. CE (Customer Edge) routerinfo.huawei+1
48. MPLS label value 3 is reserved for:
    a. IPv4 explicit null
    b. IPv6 explicit null
    c. Implicit null
    d. Unlabeled traffic
    Answer: c. Implicit nulldocuments.rtbrick+1
49. Which field in the MPLS label stack determines packet drop precedence for QoS?
    a. Label value
    b. EXP bits
    c. TTL
    d. Checksum
    Answer: b. EXP bitsh3c+1
50. In what situation would an MPLS network use unequal cost multi-path (UCMP) routing?
    a. When BGP is down
    b. To balance traffic over multiple LSPs of different costs
    c. Only on traditional IP networks
    d. For MAC address resolution
    Answer: b. To balance traffic over multiple LSPs of different costsinfo.huawei+1

1. https://networkwalks.com/mpls-quiz-online/
2. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Multiprotocol-Label-Switching-MPLS
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC2PXDRcZ5M
4. https://www.hso.co.uk/leased-lines/mpls/mpls-benefits-explained
5. https://netseccloud.com/mpls-vs-traditional-ip-routing-what-s-the-difference
6. https://info.support.huawei.com/info-finder/encyclopedia/en/MPLS.html
7. https://www.vc4.com/blog/unpacking-mpls-a-technical-overview-of-multi-protocol-label-switching/
8. https://www.catonetworks.com/what-is-mpls/mpls-routing/
9. https://documents.rtbrick.com/trainings/current/mpls/mpls_intro.html
10. https://www.imedita.com/blog/mpls-interview-questions/
11. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/ios_xe/mpls/configuration/guide/mp_qos_xe.html
12. https://www.h3c.com/en/d_202001/1262996_294551_0.htm
13. https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-mpls/
14. https://ipwithease.com/mpls-vs-ip-routing/
15. https://www.catonetworks.com/blog/pros-and-cons-of-mpls/
16. https://ipcisco.com/mpls-quiz-5-n158pkr/
17. https://www.sanfoundry.com/mpls-multi-protocol-label-switching-training/
18. https://www.scribd.com/document/157267699/MPLS-Questions
19. https://ipcisco.com/mpls-quiz-3-naavg55/
20. https://www.studocu.com/in/quiz/mpls/2880752